SCIENCES DE LA SOCIÉTÉ - N° 57 -octobre 2002
About the sustainable development
Dossiercoordonné par AlainALCOUFFE, Sylvie FERRARI et Laurent GRIMAL

Alain ALCOUFFE, Sylvie FERRARI, LaurentGRIMAL, Sustainable development - what is at stake ?
Jean-Alain HERAUD, RenéKAHN, Endogenous and exogenous development in local governments'economic action
Philippe ROBERT-DEMONTROND, Socialclauses, norms and charts. Principles and challenges of the newcodes of conduct
Géraldine FROGER, Pascal OBERTI, Governance and sustainable development. Multicriteriaaid for participative decision
Muriel MAILLEFERT,State intervention and local communities. Whatare the stakes of employment policies in local communities ?
André TORRE, Armelle CARON, Land usesand neighbourhood conflicts in rural area
Corinne MEUNIER, Dominique VOLLET, Actors'strategies and efficiency of territorial public policies. Evidencesfrom land management contract in Auvergne (France)
Laurent GRIMAL, Chariloas KEPHALIACOS, PatriceROBIN, Environmental efficacy in local farmine contracts :a theoretical approach
Lourdes VILADOMIU, Jordi ROSELL, Gemma FRANCÈS, Diversification of farms and their contribution to ruraldevelopment : the Catalan case
Michel BLANC, Eric CAHUZAC, Gabriel TAHAR, Externalities of agglomeration and manpower flows

ARGUMENTS
Sylvie GRAZIANI,A theoretical approach of the dynamicsof territorial evolution

NOTE
Bernard JUNOD, Maurice BASLÉ, Thecontribution of drinking water users to the process of publicpolicies evaluation

 
Jean-Alain HERAUD,René KAHN,Endogenous and exogenous development in local governments'economic action

Abstract
Decentralisedeconomic action is common but its evaluation raises problems.In this paper we intend to assess and compare the main two strategiesof regional development : endogenous (through innovation) andexogenous (by attracting fdi) at the light of the concept of sustainabledevelopment. Are local initiatives of the exogenous and endogenoustypes leading to similar development trajectories? Is the decentralisationof economic policy compatible with the criteria of sustainabledevelopment? We want to answer those questions on the basis ofeconomic literature and statistical data.

Keywords: regional development, foreign direct investment, innovationpolicy, sustainable development.
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PhilippeROBERT-DEMONTROND,Social clauses, norms and charts. Principles and challengesof the new codes of conduct

Abstract
The sustainabilityof the economic development is becoming, for a few years at now,as a new priority in the decision-making system of the firms.These ones are compelled to be more and more responsible in matterof environmental and social behaviours. In this framework, thisarticle aims at examining the principles and the limits of thedifferent social regulation systems of the firms activity.

Keywords: sustainable development, social responsibility, social clauses,social norms, codes of conduct.

 
Géraldine FROGER,Pascal OBERTI,Governance and sustainable development.Multicriteria aid for participative decision

Abstract
The success of a sustainable developmentis conditioned by a real implication of the socio-economic actorsto the decision-making processes. The challenge is to adapt and/oruse some developments of modern operational research being ableto support the participation. This article aims at studying thereasons bringing the authorities and other actors to stress theimportance of the participation on the one hand, and to definewhat we describe as multicriteria aid for participative decisionon the other hand. This type of approach will be then supportedunder the angle of its implementation, as well founded on methodologicalconsiderations as on a true application to the regional level.Such a multicriteria aid for participative decision will illustratethe stakes of governance as regards sustainable development.

Keywords : sustainable development,governance, multicriteria analysis, processes, participation,evaluation, decision.

 
Muriel MAILLEFERT, Stateintervention and local communities. What are the stakes of employmentpolicies in local communities ?

Abstract
For about 20 years criticism aboutthe state's ability to regulate has been going on. As far as employmentpolicies are concerned, this criticism has taken the form of astrategy in local communities. This strategy includes 2 distinctiveparts. The first one concerns an attempt to deconcentrate stateintervention aiming at improving the means of employment policiesand adapting them to local realities and people's needs. The secondone aims at implementing measures taken at a local level involvinglocal territories' various employment policies such as city contracts,inter-city or country contracts. The place and the role of thelocal community in each case vary considerably. In the first one,the logic of deconcentration prevails whereas in the second onea new form of state intervention based on more autonomous localpeople emerges. However the develop-ment of a genuine horizontaldimension of state intervention is hindered by the confusion thatlies between the two forms of intervention : measures favouringemployment and employment policies.

Keywords : employment policies,territories, state intervention.

 
André TORRE, Armelle CARON, Landuses and neighbourhood conflicts in rural area

Abstract
Cultural and social transformationshave occurred during the last thirty years and have contributedto change and increase rural areas functions. Nowadays these areashave new and ambiguous relations with urban areas and they supportfour functions : economic (production and tourism), residential(housing), ecological (natural heritage conservation, protectionagainst floods ), cultural (rural heritage conservation). Thesefunctions are sources of tensions between rural areas users, becauseof the antagonistic land uses that they imply. The aim of thispaper is to analyse these tensions and conflicts and their modesof solution. We will use the term « tension » to describeland users' feeling when external events affect them in a negativeway. Such a tension turns into a conflict latent or effectivewhen there is divergence between users' individual interests orbetween users groups' interests. Conflicts can either lead todebates or fights between or result in agreements or arrangements.Our analysis is based on the mixture of two approaches : proximityand the theory of property rights. We start with proposing a typologyof land uses and neighbourhood conflicts. It leads us to analyseproximity as a condition of spontaneous co-operative solutionsto conflicts. In such a perspective legal solution can be seenas sanction of the proximity solution failure.

Keywords: conflicts, tension,land uses, property rights, neighbourhood

 
Corinne MEUNIER, Dominique VOLLET, Actors'strategies and efficiency of territorial public policies. Evidencesfrom Land Management Contract in Auvergne (France)

Abstract
The appraisal of the impact of aterritorial policy cannot be achieved if the actors' strategiesand the way they interact are not taken into account This articleis based on the evaluation of « Land Management contracts» (Contrat Territorial d'Exploitation: CTE) in Auvergneand on 80 inquiries conducted with farmers (who have or not entereda « cte ») located in 4 terri-tories. The analysisof the coordination mechanisms shows the importance of learningprocesses as a factor of efficacy of the public policy. It demonstratesthat « Land Management Contracts » rely on existingterritorial dynamics but cannot succeed in creating new ones.

Key words : evaluation, actors,coordination, learning, interactions, CTE /Land Management Contracts

 
Laurent GRIMAL, ChariloasKEPHALIACOS, Patrice ROBIN,Environmental efficacy in local farmine contracts : a theoreticalapproach

Abstract
The new frenchagricultural law, promulgated in 1999, introduced a new interventionprocedure, the farm local contract (FLC). The cte has jointlyeconomic, social and environmental targets. The paper proposesa theoretical framework in order to consider the efficacy of theFLC procedure towards environmental sustainability. The characteristicsof the FLC and the institutional context in which it is set uplead us to combine two complementary approaches. The first, namelythe neo-institutionnalist economics, considers that the changesinduced by exogenous and endogenous production of rules and institutionsresult in a reassignment of the property rights between the economicactors. The second one, ecological economics, enables us to assessthe pro-environmental character of technical changes that shouldbe induced by the FLC.

Keywords: farm local contract, neo-institutionnal economics, ecologicaleconomics, externalities, property rights.

 
LourdesVILADOMIU, Jordi ROSELL, Gemma FRANCÈS, Diversificationof farms and their contribution to rural development : the Catalancase

Abstract
In Catalonia, although the trend of the agriculture sector istowards the specialisation, a great number of farms present animportant diversification of the production, both agriculturaland non-agricultural. This paper tackles diversification consideringfour types : diversification of agrarian production, traditionaldiversification, non-agrarian production and services and environmentalpractices and new methods. Based on this typology, the resultantsof a survey done to 85 diversified farms are analysed in orderto know the reasons and impact of diversifying. Finally, the articleis completed by few general remarks.

Keywords : farm, diversificationof activities, rural development.

 
Michel BLANC, EricCAHUZAC, Gabriel TAHAR,Externalities of agglomeration andmanpower flows

Abstract
The larger the agglomeration, themore likely firms are to find on the market an individual meetingprecisely the requirements of a vacancy and the more likely ajob seeker is to find a job offer matching his skills. As a consequence,everything being held equal, firms are expected to resort moreto external labour markets in big cities than in rural areas.This hypothesis is tested using the results of a survey carriedout in the Midi-Pyrénées region on a sample of 1500firms. We modelize hirings and quits along a Poisson process andshow that, when size and sectors are controlled for, rural firms,and especially the smaller ones, register less quits and hiringsthan their urban counter-parts. In addition they resort less oftento short term labour contracts. Matches are more stable and thenumber of employees is less variable over time. That is especiallytrue for small firms.

Keywords : labour market, agglomeration,hirings, rural areas.